S. winter.
by Viktor Lazarev
Buy the Original Painting
Price
$899
Dimensions
23.500 x 18.500 x 1.500 inches
This original painting is currently for sale. At the present time, originals are not offered for sale through the Viktor Lazarev - Website secure checkout system. Please contact the artist directly to inquire about purchasing this original.
Click here to contact the artist.
Title
S. winter.
Artist
Viktor Lazarev
Medium
Painting - Canvas,acril
Description
original painting by Viktor Lazarev,winter scene,sunrise...{{About|the color}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{infobox color|title=White|hex=FFFFFF
| image=File:Hoedhuette.jpg
| symbolism=[[Virtue|purity]], [[nobility]], [[wiktionary:Softness|softness]], [[emptiness]], [[ghosts]], [[snow]], [[ice]], [[heaven]], [[white people|Caucasian]], [[peace]], [[wikt:clean|clean]], [[light]], [[life]], [[surrender (military)|surrender]], [[cloud]]s, [[frost]], [[milk]], [[good and evil|good]], [[cotton]], [[angel]]s, [[weakness]], [[protagonist]], [[winter]], [[innocence]], [[sterility]], [[coldness]]
|r=255|g=255|b=255|
|c=0|m=0|y=0|k=0|
|h=-|s=0|v=100
|source=By definition
}}
'''White''' is the color of pure [[snow]] or [[milk]]. It is the color of [[light]] that contains all of the wavelengths of the [[visible spectrum]] without absorption. It is the opposite of [[black]].See ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th Edition (2002); "of the colour of fresh milk or snow." See also ''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988): "Having the color of pure snow or milk." See also ''The Random House College Dictionary of the English Language'', Revised Edition,(1980). "Of the color of pure snow."
In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence, perfection, the good, honesty, cleanliness, the beginning, the new, neutrality, lightness, and exactitude.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur- effets ets symboliques'', pg. 130-146
==Varieties of white==
File:LhotseMountain.jos.500pix.jpg|Fresh snow. [[Lhotse]] Mountain, on the border between [[Tibet]] and [[Nepal]].
File:Milk glass.jpg|A glass of [[milk]]
File:Cloud.jpg|[[Cumulus]] clouds
File:Taj Mahal 2002.JPG|White [[marble]] - the [[Taj Mahal]].
File: Ivory cover of the Lorsch Gospels, c. 810, Carolingian, Victoria and Albert Museum.jpg| [[Ivory]] cover of the Lorsch Gospels, circa 810 AD, (Victoria and Albert Museum, London.)
File:Three Maries.jpg|[[Alabaster]] statue of the three Maries, (circa 1450), Warsaw Museum
File:Polar bear with young - ANWR.jpg|[[Polar bear]] with young, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska.
File:Douvres (6).JPG|The [[white cliffs of Dover]] are made of [[chalk]], or [[calcium carbonate]].
== Etymology ==
The word ''[[:wikt:white|white]]'' continues [[Old English]] ''{{lang|ang|hwīt}}'', ultimately from a [[Common Germanic]] ''{{lang|gem|*χwītaz}}'' also reflected in [[Old High German|OHG]] ''{{lang|goh|(h)w�}'', [[Old Norse|ON]] ''{{lang|non|hv�}}'', [[Gothic language|Goth.]] ''{{lang|got|ƕeits}}''. The root is ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language]] ''{{PIE|*kwid-}}'', surviving also in [[Sanskrit]] ''{{IAST|śveta}}'' "to be white or bright"[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=jpg Sanskrit-Lexicon.uni-koeln.de] (''Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', page 1106). and Slavonic ''{{lang|sla-Latn|světŭ}}'' "light".Max Vasmer, ''Этимологический словарь русского языка'', т.III, Москва 1971, 575-576.[[OED]]; {{cite web
| last =Harper
| first =Douglas
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title =Online Etymology Dictionary
| work =
| publisher =
| month =November | year =2001
| url =http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=white&searchmode=none
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-03-26}}
The [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] word for white, ''{{lang|is|hv�r}}'', is directly derived from the [[Old Norse]] form of the word ''{{lang|non|hv�}}''.
Common Germanic also had the word *''blankaz'' ("white, bright, blinding"), borrowed into [[Late Latin]] as *''blancus'', which provided the source for [[Romance languages|Romance]] words for "white" (Catalan, Occitan and French ''blanc'', Spanish ''blanco'', Italian ''bianco'', Galician-Portuguese ''branco'', etc.). The antonym of white is black.
==White in history and art ==
===The Ancient World===
White was one of the first colors used by [[paleolithic]] artists; they used lime white, made from ground [[calcite]] or [[chalk]],[http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/early.html Pigments through the Ages- Prehistory] sometimes as a background, sometimes as a highlight, along with charcoal and red and yellow ochre in their vivid cave paintings.Michel Pastoureau (2005), ''Le petit livre des couleurs,'' pg. 47
In [[ancient Egypt]], white was connnected with the goddess [[Isis]]. The priests and priestesses of Isis dressed only in white linen, and it was used to wrap [[mummies]].Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pg. 16 .
In Greece and other ancient civilizations, white was often associated with mother's milk. In [[Greek mythology]], the god [[Zeus]] was nourished at the breast of the nymph Amalthee. In the [[Talmud]], milk was one of four sacred substances, along with wine, honey, and the rose.Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pg. 21.
The ancient Greeks saw the world in terms of darkness and light, so white was a fundamental color. According to [[Pliny the Elder]] in his ''Natural History'', [[Apelles]] (4th century BC) and the other famous painters of ancient Greece used only four colors in their paintings; white, red, yellow and black;John Gage (1993) ''Color and Culture''. Pg. 29. For painting, the Greeks used [[lead white]], made by a long and laborious process.
A plain white [[toga]], known as a ''toga virilis'', was worn for ceremonial occasions by all Roman citizens over the age of 14-18. Magistrates and certain priests wore a ''toga praetexta'', with a broad purple stripe. In the time of the Emperor [[Augustus]], No Roman man was allowed to appear in the Roman forum without a toga.
The ancient Romans had two words for white; ''albus'', a plain white, (the source of the word ''albino''); and ''candidus,'' a brighter white. A man who wanted public office in Rome wore a white toga brightened with chalk, called a ''toga candida'', the origin of the word ''candidate''. The Latin word ''candere'' meant to shine, to be bright. It was the origin of the words ''candle'' and ''candid''.''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language'', (1964)
In [[ancient Rome]], the priestesses of the goddess [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] dressed in white linen robes, a white [[palla (garment)|palla]] or shawl, and a white veil. They protected the sacred fire and the [[penates]] of Rome. White symbolized their purity, loyalty, and chastity.
File:Paintings from the Chauvet cave (museum replica).jpg|Prehistoric paintings in [[Chauvet cave]], France (30,000 to 32,000 BC)
File:�yptischer Maler um 1360 v. Chr. 001.jpg|Painting of the goddess [[Isis]] (1380-1385 BC). The priests of her cult wore white linen.
File:Maler der Grabkammer des Thot 001.jpg|Paintings of women in white from a tomb (1448-1422 BC).
File:Chief Vestal.jpg|Statue of the chief [[Vestal Virgin]], wearing a white [[palla (garment)|palla]] and a white veil.
==The Middle Ages and the Renaissance==
The early Christian church adopted the Roman symbolism of white as the color of purity, sacrifice and virtue. It became the color worn by priests during mass, the color worn by monks of the [[Cistercian order]], and, under [[Pope Pius V]], a former monk of the [[Dominican order]], it became the official color worn by the [[Pope]] himself. Monks of the [[order of Saint Benedict]] dressed in the white or gray of natural undyed wool, but later changed to black, the color of humility and penitence.
In Medieval art, the white lamb became the symbol of the sacrifice of Christ on behalf of mankind. John the Baptist described [[Christ]] as the [[lamb of God]], who took the sins of the world upon himself. The white lamb was the center of one of the most famous paintings of the Medieval period, the [[Ghent Altarpiece]] by [[Jan Van Eyck]].Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art''. (pg. 224-225).
White was also the symbolic color of the [[Transfiguration of Jesus|transfiguration]]. The [[Gospel of Saint Mark]] describes Jesus' clothing in this event as "shining, exceeding white as snow." Artists such as Fra Angelico used their greatest skill to capture the whiteness of his garments. In his painting of the transfiguration at the Convent of Saint Mark in [[Florence]], Fra Angelico emphasized the white garment by using a light gold background, placed in an almond-shaped halo.Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art''. (pg. 226-227).
The white [[unicorn]] was a common subject of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts, paintings and tapestries. It was a symbol of purity, chastity and grace, which could only be captured by a virgin. It was often portrayed in the lap of the Virgin Mary.Stefano Zuffi, ''Color in Art'', pg. 232-233.
During the Middle Ages, painters rarely ever mixed colors; but in the Renaissance, the influential humanist and scholar [[Leon Battista Alberti]] encouraged artists to add white to their colors to make them lighter, brighter, and to add ''hilaritas'', or gaiety. Many painters followed his advice, and the palette of the Renaissance was considerably brighter.John Gage, (1993), ''Color and Culture'', pg. 117-119.
In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, white was commonly worn by [[widows]] as a color of mourning. The widows of the Kings of France wore white until [[Anne of Brittany]] in the 16th century. A white tunic was also worn by many knights, along with a red cloak, which showed the knights were willing to give their blood for the King or Church.
File:Sodoma - Life of St Benedict, Scene 31 - Benedict Feeds the Monk - WGA21581.jpg|The monks of the [[order of Saint Benedict]] (circa 480-542) first dressed in undyed white or gray wool robes, here shown in painting by [[Sodoma]] on the life of Saint Benedict (1504). They later changed to black robes, the color of humility and penitence.
File:Unicorn hunt - British Library Royal 12 F xiii f10v (detail).jpg|The white [[unicorn]] frequently appeared in Medieval art, often as a symbol of virginity and purity. This the unicorn hunt from the [[Rochester Bestiary]], from about 1230, in the [[British Library]].
File:Bartolomeo Passarotti Pope Pius V.jpg|Under Pope Pius V (1504-1472, a former monk of the [[Dominican order]], white became the official color worn by the Pope.
File:Ghent Altarpiece D - Adoration of the Lamb 2.jpg|The white lamb in the [[Ghent Altarpiece]] by [[Jan Van Eyck]]. (1432)
File:Fra Angelico - Transfiguration (Cell 6) - WGA00540.jpg|The [[Transfiguration of Jesus|Transfiguration]] by [[Fra Angelico]] (1440-1442)
File:Dama z gronostajem.jpg|''Lady with an ermine'', by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] (1490). The [[ermine]] symbolized nobility and purity. It was believed that an ermine would rather die than allow its white fur to become dirty.
File:Mary Queen of Scots in mourning.jpg|[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary Stuart]] wore white in mourning for her husband, King [[Francois II]] of France, who died in 1560.
==Eighteenth and nineteenth Centuries==
White was the dominant color of architectural interiors in the [[Baroque]] period and especially the [[Rococo]] style that followed it in the 18th century. Church interiors were designed to show the power, glory and wealth of the church. They seemed to be alive, filled with curves, asymmetry, mirrors, gilding, statuary and reliefs, unified by white.
White was also a fashionable color for both men and women in the 18th century. Men in the aristocracy and upper classes wore powdered white [[wigs]] and white stockings, and women wore elaborate embroidered white and pastel gowns.
After the [[French Revolution]], under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], a more austere white became the most fashionable color in women's costumes. The [[Empire style]] was modeled after the dress of Ancient Rome. The dresses were high in fashion but low in warmth; some women, including the Empress [[Josephine de Beauharnais]], died from illnesses caught wearing the thin garments in cold weather.
White was the universal color of both men and women's underwear and of sheets in the 18th and 19th century. It was unthinkable to have sheets or underwear of any other color. The reason was simple; the manner of washing linen in boiling water caused colors to fade. When linen was worn out, it was collected and turned into high-quality paper.Michel Pastoureau (2005), Le petit livre des couleurs, pg. 50-51.
The 19th century American painter [[James McNeill Whistler]] (1834-1903), working at the same time as the French impressionists, created a series of paintings with musical titles where he used color to create moods, the way composers used music. His painting "Symphony in White No. 1 - The White Girl", which used his mistress Joanna Hiffernan as a model, used delicate colors to portray innocence and fragility, and a moment of uncertainty.Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pg. 260.
File:BasilikaOttobeurenHauptschiff02.JPG|A highly theatrical white [[Rococo]] interior from the 18th century, at the [[Ottobeuren Abbey|Basilica at Ottobeuren]], in [[Bavaria]].
File:Marie-Antoinette par Elisabeth Vig�Lebrun - 1783.jpg|White gown of [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Elisabeth Vig�Lebrun]] in 1783.
File:Gilbert Stuart, George Washington (Lansdowne portrait, 1796).jpg|President [[George Washington]] in a white powdered wig. The first five Presidents of the United States wore dark suits with powdered wigs for formal occasions.
File:Emprjose.jpg|Portrait of [[Josephine de Beauharnais]] in a classic Empire gown, modeled after the clothing of ancient Rome. (1801), by [[Francois Gerard]]. (The State ''Hermitage Museum'').
File:Whistler James Symphony in White no 1 (The White Girl) 1862.jpg|''Symphony in White No. 1 - The White Gir''l, by [[James McNeill Whistler]] (1862).
==Twentieth and twenty-first centuries==
The [[White Movement]] was the opposition that formed against the [[Bolsheviks]] during the [[Russian Civil War]], which followed the [[Russian Revolution]] in 1917. It was finally defeated by the Bolsheviks in 1921-22, and many of its members emigrated to Europe.
At the end of the nineteenth century, lead white was still the most popular pigment; but between 1916 and 1918, chemical companies in [[Norway]] and the United States began to produce [[titanium white]], made from [[titanium oxide]]. It had first been identified in 18th century by the German chemist [[Martin Klaproth]], who also discovered [[uranium]]. It had twice the covering power of lead white, and was the brightest white pigment known. By 1945, 80 percent of the white pigments sold were titanium white.Philip Ball (2001), ''Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour'', pg. 484-485.
The absoluteness of white appealed to modernist painters. It was used in its simplest form by the Russian suprematist painter [[Kasimir Malevich]] in his 1917 painting 'the white square,' the companion to his earlier 'black square.' It was also used by the Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]]. His most famous paintings consisted of a pure white canvas with grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of primary colors.
Black and white also appealed to modernist architects, such as Le Corbusier (1887-1965). He said a house was "a machine for living in" and called for a "calm and powerful architecture" built of reinforced concrete and steel, without any ornament or frills.Le Corbusier. ''Toward an Architecture''. Translated by John Goodman. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute, 2007 Almost all the buildings of contemporary architect [[Richard Meier]], such as his museum in [[Rome]] to house the ancient Roman [[Ara Pacis]], or Altar of Peace, are stark white, in the tradition of Le Corbusier.
File:Beloe Delo 1.jpg|Poster for the [[White Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] (1917�22). The poster says: "for a United Russia."
File:Marevich, Suprematist Composition- White on White 1917.jpg|''White on White'' (1917) by [[Kasimir Malevich]], [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York
File:VillaSavoye.jpg|The [[Villa Savoye]] (1928�31) by [[Le Corbusier]]. Le Corbusier called for a "calm and powerful" architecture built of steel and reinforced concrete.
File:Mondrian CompRYB.jpg |'Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red'' by [[Piet Mondrian]] (1937 - 1942). Currently held as part of the [[Tate Collection]].[http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999961&workid=9603&searchid=9148]
File:ElvisPresleyAlohafromHawaii.jpg|The singer [[Elvis Presley]] began his career dressed in black, but in the late 1960s he switched to a more flamboyant white costume, which he designed himself, to symbolize his place as the "king of rock and roll".
File:Roma ara pacis fuori vicino.jpg|The Museum of the [[Ara Pacis]], the Altar of Peace, in Rome by [[Richard Meier]] (2006).
==Science==
===Optics===
White is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light which contains all the wavelengths of the [[visible spectrum]].''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', 5th Edition (2002) This light stimulates all three types of color sensitive [[cone cells]] in the eye in nearly equal amounts.{{cite book
|author=Wyszecki & Stiles
|title=Color Science
|edition=Second Edition
|page=506
}}
Substances appear white because their surfaces reflect back most of the light that strikes them and do not absorb some of its colors.
Before [[Isaac Newton]], most [[science|scientists]] believed that white was the fundamental color of [[light]]. Newton demonstrated that this was not true by passing white light through a [[prism (optics)|prism]], breaking it up into its composite colors, and then using a second prism to reassemble them.
White light is generated by the sun, by stars, or by earthbound sources such as [[incandescent]] lamps, [[Fluorescent lamp|fluorescent]] lamps and [[Led#White light|white LEDs]]. On the screen of a color television or computer, white is produced by mixing appropriate intensities of the [[primary color]]s of light: red, green and blue ([[RGB]]), a process called [[additive mixing]]. Due to [[Metamerism (color)|metamerism]], it is possible to have quite different spectra that appear white to the human eye.
File:Synthese+.svg|In optics. white can be obtained by mixing red, blue and green light.
File:Dispersion prism.jpg|White light [[refract]]ed in a [[prism (optics)|prism]] revealing the color components.
====Why snow, clouds and beaches are white====
[[Snow]] is a mixture of air and tiny [[ice]] crystals. When white [[sunlight]] enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of the light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle.[http://weather.about.com/od/winterweather/a/snow_white.htm Weather.about.com (retrieved October 31, 2012)]
In the case of [[glaciers]], the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air. As sunlight enters the ice, more light of the red spectrum is absorbed, so the light scattered will be bluish.
[[Clouds]] are white for the same reason as ice. They are composed of water droplets or ice crystals mixed with air, very little light that strikes them is absorbed, and most of the light is scattered, appearing to the eye as white. Shadows of other clouds above can make clouds look gray, and some clouds have their own shadow on the bottom of the cloud.
Many mountains with winter or year-round snow cover are named accordingly: [[Mauna Kea]] means ''white mountain'' in [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], [[Mont Blanc]] means ''white mountain'' in French. [[Changbai Mountains]] literally meaning 'Perpetually White' Mountains, marks the border between China and Korea.
[[Beaches]] with sand containing high amounts of [[quartz]] or eroded [[limestone]] also appear white, since quartz and limestone reflect or scatter sunlight, rather than absorbing it.
Put a different way, white light [[reflection (physics)|reflected]] off objects can be seen when no part of the light spectrum is reflected significantly more than any other and the reflecting material has a degree of [[Diffuse reflection|diffusion]]. People see this when [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] fibers, [[wiktionary:Particle|particle]]s, or [[droplet]]s are in a transparent matrix of a substantially different [[List of indices of refraction|refractive index]]. Examples include classic "white" substances such as sugar, [[foam]], pure sand or snow, cotton, clouds, and milk. [[Crystal]] boundaries and imperfections can also make otherwise transparent materials white, as in the milky [[quartz]] or the microcrystalline structure of a [[seashell]].
White [[pigments]] and [[paints]] work in a similar way. White is seen when finely divided transparent material of a high refractive index is suspended in a contrasting binder. Typically paints contain [[calcium carbonate]] or synthetic [[rutile]], which reflect all the light. In [[water colors]], white is achieved in a much simpler way; in the parts that are meant to be white, the paper is left unpainted.
(See also [[black body radiation]])
File:Snow-covered fir trees.jpg|Snow is composed of ice and air; it scatters or reflects sunlight without absorbing other colors of the spectrum.
File:MontBlanc2c.jpg|[[Mont Blanc]] in the [[Alps]]. It takes its name from the white snow on its summit.
File:Cumulus clouds in fair weather.jpeg|[[Cumulus clouds]] look white because the water droplets reflect and scatter the sunlight without absorbing other colors.
File:Pensacola Beach 1957 White Sand.jpg|[[Pensacola Beach]], [[Florida]]. White sand beaches look white because the [[quartz]] or eroded [[limestone]] in the sand reflects or scatters sunlight without absorbing other colors.
===Chemistry- white pigments and dyes===
[[Chalk]] is a kind of [[limestone]], made of the mineral [[calcite]], or [[calcium carbonate]]. It was originally deposited under the sea as the scales or plates of tiny micro-organisms called [[Coccolithophore]]. It was the first white pigment used by prehistoric artists in cave paintings. The chalk used on blackboards today is usually made of [[gypsum]], a powder pressed into sticks.
'''Bianco di San Giovanni''' is a pigment used in the Renaissance, which was described by the painter [[Cennino Cennini]] in the 15th century. It is similar to chalk, made of calcium carbonate with calcium hydroxide. It was made of dried lime which was made into a powder, then soaked in water for eight days, with the water changed each day. It was then made into cakes and dried in the sun.[http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/limewhite.html Webexhibits.org site on history of pigments (retrieved November 1, 2012)]
[[Lead white]] was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described is [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Vitruvius]] and the ancient Greek author [[Theophrastus]]. Pieces of lead were put into clay pots which had a separate compartment filled with [[vinegar]]. The pots in turn were piled on shelves close to cow dung. The combined fumes of the vinegar and the cow dung caused the lead to corrode into [[lead carbonate]]. It was a slow process which could take a month or more. It made an excellent white and was used by artists for centuries, but it was also toxic. It was replaced in the 19th century by [[zinc white]] and [[titanium white]].Philip Ball (2000), ''Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour'', pg. 99.
[[Titanium white]] is the most popular white for artists today; it is the brightest available white pigment, and has twice the coverage of lead white. It first became commercially available in 1921. It is made out of [[titanium dioxide]], from the minerals [[brookite]], [[anatase]], [[rutile]], or [[Ilmenite]], currently the major source. Because of its brilliant whiteness, it is used as a colorant for most [[toothpaste]] and [[sunscreen]].[http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/titaniumwhite.html Webexhibits; pigments through the ages. (Retrieved November 1, 2012)]
[[Zinc white]] is made from [[zinc oxide]]. It is similar to but not as opaque as titanium white. It is added to some breakfast cereals, since zinc is an important [[nutrient]].
[[Chinese white]] is a variety of zinc white made for artists.
File:Titanium(IV) oxide.jpg|Titanium white, made with [[titanium dioxide]], is the brightest white paint available. It also colors most toothpaste and sunscreen.
File:Zinc oxide.jpg|[[Zinc white]], made from [[zinc oxide]].
====Bleach and bleaching====
[[Bleaching]] is a process for whitening fabrics which has been practiced for thousands of years. Sometimes it was simply a matter of leaving the fabric in the sun, to be faded by the bright light. In the 18th century several scientists developed varieties of [[chlorine bleach]], including [[sodium hypochlorite]] and [[calcium hypochlorite]] (bleaching powder).{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica, |title=Bleaching |url=http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BLE/bleaching.html |accessdate=2 May 2012 |language= |edition=9th Edition (1875) and 10th Edition (1902)}} Bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine most often are based on [[peroxide]]s, such as [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[sodium percarbonate]] and [[sodium perborate]]. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents, a fewer number are [[reducing agents]] such as [[sodium dithionite]].
Bleaches attack the [[chromophore]]s, the part of a molecule which absorbs light and causes fabrics to have different colors. An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the [[chemical bond]]s that make up the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore, or contains a chromophore that does not absorb [[visible light]]. A reducing bleach works by converting [[double bond]]s in the chromophore into [[single bond]]s. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light.{{cite web|url=http://sci-toys.com/ingredients/bleach.html| title=Ingredients -- Bleach| work=Science Toys| year=2006| accessdate=2006-03-02|author=Field, Simon Q}}
Sunlight acts as a bleach through a similar process. High energy [[photon]]s of light, often in the [[violet (color)|violet]] or [[ultraviolet]] range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless.{{cite web|url=http://www.howeverythingworks.org/pages_fm.php?topic=all&page=150| title=Sunlight| work=How Things Work Home Page| year=2006| accessdate=2012-02-23|author=Bloomfield, Louis A}}
Some detergents go one step further; they contain [[fluorescent]] chemicals which glow, making the fabric look literally whiter than white.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques'', pg. 144
===Astronomy===
A [[white dwarf]] is a [[stellar remnant]] composed mostly of [[electron-degenerate matter]]. They are very [[density|dense]]; a white dwarf's mass is comparable to that of the [[Sun]] and its volume is comparable to that of the [[Earth]]. Its faint [[luminosity]] comes from the [[Thermal radiation|emission]] of stored [[heat|thermal energy]].
A white dwarf is very hot when it is formed, but since it has no source of energy, it will gradually radiate away its energy and cool down. This means that its radiation, which initially has a high [[color temperature]], will lessen and redden with time. Over a very long time, a white dwarf will cool to temperatures at which it will no longer emit significant heat or light, and it will become a cold ''[[black dwarf]]''.
{{cite web
|last1=Richmond |first=M
|title=Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars
|url=http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html
|work=Lecture notes, Physics 230
|publisher=[[Rochester Institute of Technology]]
|accessdate=3 May 2007
}} However, since no white dwarf can be older than the [[Age of the universe|age of the Universe]] (approximately 13.7 billion years),
{{cite journal
|last1=Spergel |first1=D. N.
|last2=Bean |first2=R.
|last3=Dor�first3=O.
|last4=Nolta |first4=M. R.
|last5=Bennett |first5=C. L.
|last6=Dunkley |first6=J.
|last7=Hinshaw |first7=G.
|last8=Jarosik |first8=N.
|last9=Komatsu |first9=E.
|year=2007
|title=Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology
|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
|volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=377
|arxiv=astro-ph/0603449
|bibcode=2007ApJS..170..377S
|doi=10.1086/513700
}} even the oldest white dwarfs still radiate at temperatures of a few thousand [[kelvin]]s, and no black dwarfs are thought to exist yet.
File:Sirius A and B Hubble photo.jpg|Image of [[Sirius|Sirius A and Sirius B]] taken by the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. Sirius B, a white dwarf, is the faint pinprick of light to the lower left of the much brighter Sirius A.
===Biology===
Most white animals have their color as a form of camoulflage in winter.
File:Dove 001.JPG|The [[dove]] is an international symbol of [[peace]].
File:Ivory Gull Portrait.jpg|The [[ivory gull]].
File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|Mute [[swan]]s. Swans of the Northern Hemisphere are white, while those of the Southern Hemisphere are black and white.
File:Polarfuchs 1 2004-11-17.jpg|The [[arctic fox]].
File:Mustela erminea winter cropped.jpg|The [[ermine]], or [[stoat]]. Once considered the most noble of animals because it would rather die than dirty its fur, it is now considered an invasive species.
File:Uncia uncia.jpg|A [[snow leopard]].
File:Delphinapterus leucas 2.jpg|A [[beluga whale]]. Its color helps it hide from its chief enemies, the [[polar bear]] and [[killer whales]].{{cite journal|url=http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~johnson/text/Friedman_BelugaOverview.pdf |author=Friedman W. R. |title=Environmental Adaptations of the Beluga Whale (''Delphinapterus leucas'') |journal= Cognitive Science 143 |number= |year=2006 |month=June }}
File:White pearl necklace.jpg|White [[pearls]] are hard objects produced within the soft tissue of a living shelled mollusk, like an oyster or clam. They are made of [[calcium carbonate]] in minute crystalline form.
==Associations and Symbolism==
===Innocence and Sacrifice===
In Western culture, white is the color most often associated with innocence.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques''. In Biblical times, lambs and other white animals were sacrificed to expiate sins. In Christianity Christ is considered the "lamb of God," who died for the sins of mankind. The white [[lily]] is considered the flower of purity and innocence, and is often associated with the [[Virgin Mary]].
===The beginning and the new===
White is the color in Western culture most often associated with beginnings and the new. In the Bible, light was created immediately after the heavens and the earth. In Christianity, children are baptized wearing white, and, wear white for their first [[Eucharist|communion]]. Christ after his Resurrection is traditionally portrayed dressed in white. Eggs, another symbol of the new, are used to celebrate Easter.
The Queen of the United Kingdom traditionally wears white when she opens the session of Parliament. In high society, [[debutantes]] traditionally wear white for their first ball. A new project is often described as beginning with a "blank page."
===The bride wore white===
White has long been the traditional color worn by brides at royal weddings, but the white wedding gown for ordinary people appeared in the 19th century. Before that time, most brides wore their best Sunday clothing, of whatever color.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur- effets et symboliques'', (pg. 144-148 The white lace wedding gown of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1840 had a large impact on the color and fashion of wedding dresses in both Europe and America down to the present day.
File:Queen Victoria wedding dress.jpg|The wedding dress of [[Queen Victoria]] (1840) set the fashion for wedding dresses of the VIctorian era and for the 20th century.
File:TsarNicholasIIWedding.jpg|The wedding of Czar [[Nicholas II of Russia]] and [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)]], the granddaughter of Queen Victoria, in 1894.
File:William and Kate wedding.jpg|The wedding dress of Kate Middleton and Prince William (2011).
File:Wedding kimono.jpg|Brides in China and other parts of Asia usually wear red, the color of happiness and good fortune, but in the [[Shinto]] religion of [[Japan]] brides traditionally wear a white wedding [[kimono]].
===Cleanliness===
White is the color most associated with '''cleanliness'''. Objects which are expected to be clean, such as refrigerators and dishes, toilets and sinks, bed linen and towels, are traditionally white. White was the traditional color of the coats of doctors, nurses, scientists and laboratory technicians, though now a pale blue or green is often used. White is also the color most often worn by chefs, bakers, and butchers, and the color of the aprons of waiters in French restaurants.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques'' (pg. 135-136).
===Ghosts, phantoms and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse===
White is the color associated with [[ghosts]] and phantoms. In the past the dead were traditionally buried in a white shroud. Ghosts are said to be the spirits of the dead who, for various reasons, are unable to rest or enter heaven, and so walk the earth in their white shrouds. White is also connected with the paleness of death. A common expression in English is "pale as a ghost."Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques'' (pg. 137).
The woman in white, Wei� Frau, or ''dame blanche'' is a familiar figure in English, German and French ghost stories. She is a spectral apparition of a female clad in white, in most cases the ghost of an ancestor, sometimes giving warning about death and disaster. The most notable Wei� Frau is the legendary ghost of the German [[Hohenzollern]] dynasty.
Seeing a white horse in a dream is said to be presentiment of death.Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', (pg. 254)
In the [[Book of Revelations]], the last book in the [[New Testament]] of the BIble, the [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]] are supposed to announce the [[Apocalypse]] before the [[Last Judgement]]. The man on a white horse with a bow and arrow. according to different interpretations, represents either War and Conquest, the [[Antichrist]], or Christ himself, cleansing the world of sin. Death rides a horse whose color is described in ancient Greek as ''khlōros'' ([[wikt:χλωρός|χλωρός]]) in the original [[Koine Greek]],[http://www.codex-sinaiticus.net/en/manuscript.aspx?book=59&chapter=6&lid=en&side=r&verse=8&zoomSlider=0 Codex Sinaiticus], Rev 6:8. which can mean either green/greenish-yellow or pale/pallid.Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott, ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dxlwro%2Fs A Greek-English Lexicon]'': χλωρός.
File:Apparition DB.JPG|The woman in white or dame blanche is a familiar figure in English, French and German ghost stories.
File:Apocalypse vasnetsov.jpg|The Biblical [[Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]. Conquest, with a bow, rides a white horse. Death rides a pale or light green horse. (Painting by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]], 1887).
===Black and white===
{{Further|Black-and-white dualism}}
Black and white often represent the contrast between light and darkness, day and night, good and evil.
In [[taoism]], the two opposite natures of the universe, [[yin and yang]], are often symbolized in black and white, Ancient games of strategy, such as [[Go (game)|go]] and [[chess]], use black and white to represent the two sides.
Black and white also often represent formality and seriousness, as in the costumes of judges and priests, business suits, of formal evening dress. Monks of the [[Dominican order]] wear a black cloak over a white habit. Until 1972 agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] were required to wear white shirts with their suits, to project the correct image of the FBI.
===Names taken from white===
White is the source of more names for women in western countiries than any other color.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la Couleur - effets et symboliques'', (pg. 133). Names taken from white include Alba, Albine (Latin). Blanche and Blanchette (French); Bianca (Italian); Jennifer (Celt); Genevieve, Candice (from Latin Candida); Fenela, Fiona and Finola (Irish); Gwendoline (Celt), Nives (Italian) and Zuria (Basque).
In addition many names come from white flowers: Camille, Daisy, Lily, Lili, Magnolie, Jasmine, Yasemine, Leila, Marguerite, Rosbalba, and others.
Other names come from the white [[pearl]]; Pearl, Margarita (Latin), Margaret, Margarethe, Marga, Grete, Rita, Gitta, Marjorie, Margot.
===White in Other Cultures===
Throughout Asia, in China, Japan, Korea and other countries, white is the color of mourning and funerals. In traditional China, white clothing is worn at funerals, small sacks of [[quicklime]], one for each year of the life of the deceased are placed around the body to protect it against impurity in the next world, and white paper flowers are placed around the body.
In China, white is associated with the feminine (the ''yin'' of the ''yin'' and ''yang''); with the [[unicorn]] and [[tiger]]; with the fur of an animal; with the direction of west; with the element metal; and with the [[Autumn]] season.Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la Couleur - effets et symboliques'', (pg. 84).
In Japan, white robes are worn by pilgrims for rituals of purification, and bathing in sacred rivers. In the mountains, pilgrims wear costumes of undyed [[jute]] to symbolize purity.
In [[India]], the color white was traditionally reserved for the [[Brahmin]] caste. It is the color of purity, divinity, detachment and serenity.
In Tibetan [[Buddhism]], white robes were reserved for the lama of a monastery.
In [[Mongolia]], the Buddha is represented in white, symbolizing transcendental wisdom.
In the [[Bedouin]] and some other pastoral cultures, there is a strong connection between milk and white, which is considered the color of gratitude, esteem, joy, good fortune and fertility.Anne Varichon, (2000), ''Couleurs - pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', (pg. 16-35).
===Temples, Churches and Government Buildings===
Since ancient times, temples, churches, and many government buildings in many countries have traditionally been white, the color associated with religious and civic virtue. The [[Parthenon]] and other ancient temples of Greece, and the buildings of the [[Roman forum]] were mostly made of or clad in white marble, though it is now known that some of these ancient buildings were actually brightly painted.John Gage (1993), ''Couleur et Culture'', (pg. 11-29) The Roman tradition of using white stone for government buildings and churches was revived in the Renaissance and especially in the [[neoclassic style]] of the 18th and 19th centuries. White stone became the material of choice for government buildings in Washington D.C. and other American cities. European cathedrals were also usually built of white or light-colored stone, though many darkened over the centuries from smoke and soot.
The Renaissance architect and scholar [[Leon Battista Alberti]] wrote in 1452 that churches should be plastered white on the inside, since white was the only appropriate color for reflection and meditation.Stefano Zuffi, ''Color in Art'' (2012), pg. 244. After the Reformation, [[Calvinist]] churches in the [[Netherlands]] were whitewashed and sober inside, a tradition that was also followed in the [[Protestant]] churches of New England, such as [[Old North Church]] in [[Boston]].
File:Parthenon.jpg|The [[Parthenon]] in Athens (5th century BC)
File:858MilanoDuomo.JPG|The [[Cathedral of Milan]] (1386-1965)
File:Delft interieur Waalse Kerk.jpg|[[Dutch reformed church]] interior in [[Delft]], the Netherlands (16th century)
File:2006Boston007.jpg|Interior of [[Old North Church]], Boston (1723)
File:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|The [[White House]] (1801), Washington D.C.
File:United States Capitol dome daylight.jpg|The [[United States Capitol]] dome (1855-1866)
File:Sacre-coeur-paris.jpg|[[Basilica of Sacre-Coeur]], Paris (1919)
File:St Mary's Cathedral - San Francisco.jpg|[[Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption|Saint Mary's Cathedral]] in San Francisco (1971)
File:Den Haag stadhuis april 2004.JPG|The City Hall in the [[Hague]], [[Netherlands]], by architect [[Richard Meier]] (2004).
=== Government and politics ===
White is often associated with [[Monarchism]]. The association originally came from the white flag of the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] dynasty of France. White became the banner of the Royalist rebellions against the [[French Revolution]] (see [[Revolt in the Vend�]).
During the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]] which followed the [[Russian Revolution]] of 1917, the White Army, a coalition of monarchists, nationalists and democrats, fought unsuccessfully against the [[Red Army]] of the [[Bolsheviks]]. A similar battle between reds and whites took place during the [[Civil War in Finland]] in the same period.
The Ku Klux Klan was a [[racist]] and [[anti-immigrant]] organization which flourished in the [[Southern United States]] after the [[American Civil War]]. They wore white robes and hoods, burned crosses and violently attacked and murdered black Americans.
In Iran, the [[White Revolution]] ({{lang-fa|Enghel�e-Sefid}}), was a series of social and political reforms launched in 1963 by the last [[Pahlavi dynasty|Shah]] of [[Iran]] before his downfall.
White is also associated with peace and passive resistance. The [[white ribbon]] is worn by movements denouncing [[violence against women]] and the [[White Rose]] was a non-violent [[Widerstand|resistance]] group in [[Nazi Germany]].
File:Volunteer Army recruitment poster.jpg|A recruiting poster for the White [[Volunteer Army]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] (1919). The text says, "Son, go save the motherland!"
File:Klan-in-gainesville.jpg|A cross-burning by the racist [[Ku Klux Klan]] in Florida in the early 20th century.
=== Religion ===
In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], white is associated with [[Jesus Christ]], innocence and sacrifice. Since the [[Middle Ages]], priests wear a white [[cassock]] in many of the most important ceremonies and religious services connected with events in the life of Christ. White is worn by priests at [[Christmas]], during [[Easter]], and during celebrations connected with the other events of the life of Christ, such as Corpus Christi Sunday, and [[Trinity Sunday]]. It is also worn at the services dedicated to the [[Virgin Mary]], and to those Saints who were not matryred, as well as other special occasions, such as the ordination of priests and the installation of new bishops. Within the hierarchy of the church, the lighter the color, the higher the rank. Ordinary priests wear black; bishops wear violet, cardinals wear red, and outside a church, only the [[Pope]] will wear white.Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques.'' pg. 132.
In Islam, white clothing is worn during required pilgrimage to Mecca, or ''[[Ihram]]'' [[pilgrimage]] (''[[Hajj]]'').[[Hajj]]. Called [[Ihram clothing]], men's garments often consist of two white un-hemmed sheets (usually towelling material). The top (the ''riḍā'') is draped over the torso and the bottom (the ''izār'') is secured by a [[Belt (clothing)|belt]]; plus a pair of sandals. Women's clothing varies considerably and reflects regional as well as religious influences. Ihram is typically worn during [[Dhu al-Hijjah]], the last month in the [[Islamic calendar]].
In [[Judaism]], During the rituals of [[Yom Kippur]], the ceremony of [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]], the [[rabbi]] dresses in white, as do the members of the congregation, to restore the bonds between God and his followers.
In the traditional Japanese religion of [[Shinto]], an area of white gravel or stones marks a sacred place, called a ''niwa''. These places were dedicated to the ''kami'', spirits which had descended from the heavens or had come across the sea. Later, temples of [[Zen Buddhism]] in Japan often featured a [[Zen garden]], where white sand or gravel was carefully raked to resemble rivers or streams, designed as objects of meditation.David and Michigo Young (2005), ''The Art of the Japanese Garden''''. pg. 64
In the temples of the [[Church of Latter Day Saints]], or [[Mormon]] church, Only white clothing is worn inside once they have been officially dedicated, due to white symbolizing purity.Whalen, William J. ''The Latter Day Saints in the Modern Day World'' 1962
Many religions portray heaven as existing in the clouds, where everything is white. This phenomenon is not limited to western culture; in [[Yoruba religion]], the orisha [[Obatala]] in the [[If� tradition is represented by white. Obatala is associated with calmness, morality, old age, and purity.
In [[Theosophy]] and similar religions, the [[deity|deities]] called the [[Great White Brotherhood]] are said to have white [[aura (paranormal)|auras]].Prophet, Elizabeth Clare ''The Great White Brotherhood in the Culture, History and Religion of America'' Summit University Press, 1975
In some Asian and Slavic cultures, white is considered to be a color that represents death.{{cite book
|title=Symbol Sourcebook: An Authoritative Guide to International Graphic Symbols
|author=Henry Dreyfuss
|url=http://www.librarything.com/work/232578
}} White also represented death in [[ancient Egypt]], representing the lifeless desert that covered much of the country; black was held to be the color of life, representing the mud-covered fertile lands created by the flooding of the [[Nile]] and giving the country its name (''Kemet'', or "black land").
File:Al-Haram mosque - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|Thousands of pilgrims in white gather in [[Mecca]] for the beginning of their pilgrimage, or [[Haj]].
File:Papa Benedetto.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]], the head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], traditionally wears white.
File:Toufuku-ji kaizandou3.JPG|The zen garden of [[Tofuku-ji]] temple in Japan. The [[Shinto]] religion uses white sand or gravel to symbolize a sacred place, while [[Zen Buddhism]] uses it to stimulate calm and meditation.
=== Ethnography ===
People of the [[Caucasian race]], particularly those of European descent, are often referred to simply as white. The [[United States Census Bureau]] defines White people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa. It includes people who reported �White� or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish."{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf|title=The White Population: 2000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|date=August 2001|accessdate=10 March 2011}} Whites constitute the majority of the U.S. population, with a total of 223,553,265 or 72.4% of the population in the [[2010 United States Census]].
===The white flag===
A white flag has long been used to represent either surrender or a request for a truce. It is believed to have originated in the 15th century, during the [[Hundred Years War]] between [[France]] and [[England]], when multicolored flags, as well as firearms, came into common use by European armies. The white flag was officially recognized as a request to cease hostilities by the [[Geneva Convention]] of 1949.Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'' (pg. 256)
=== Vexillology and heraldry ===
In English [[heraldry]], white or [[silver (color)|silver]] signified brightness, purity, virtue, and innocence.''American Girls Handy Book: How to Amuse Yourself and Others'', by Adelia Beard. ISBN 978-0-87923-666-3. p 369.
===Selected national flags featuring white===
White is a common color in national flags, though its symbolism varies widely. The white in the [[flag of the United States]] and [[flag of the United Kingdom]] comes from traditional red [[St George's cross]] on a white background of the historic [[flag of England]]. The white in the [[flag of France]] represents either the monarchy or "white, the ancient French color" according to the [[Marquis de Lafayette]].
Many flags in the Arab world use the colors of the [[flag of the Arab Revolt]] of 1916; red, white, green and black. These include the flags of [[Egypt]], [[Bahrain]], [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]].
File:Pavillon royal de France.svg|Flag of the [[Bourbons]], royal family of France until the [[French Revolution]] and during the restoration of the monarchy afterwards.
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|The [[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The white and gold colors symbolize the colors of the keys to heaven given by [[Jesus Christ]] to [[Saint Peter]]: the gold of spiritual power, the white of worldly power. The keys have been the Papal symbol since the 13th century.
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|The [[flag of the Netherlands]] (1572) was the first red, white and blue national flag. [[Peter the Great]] adopted the colors for the [[flag of Russia]].
File:Flag of India.svg|The [[flag of India]] (1947). White represents "light, the path of truth".{{cite web | title= Flag Code of India | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/flagcodeofindia.pdf| accessdate=8 February 2010}}
File:Flag of Ireland.svg|The [[flag of Ireland]]. The white represents the lasting truce between the Catholic and Protestant communities, and their living in peace together.[http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/index.asp?locID=194&docID=242 National Flag], ''Taoiseach.gov.ie'', 2007. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.
File:Flag of Egypt.svg|The [[flag of Egypt]] (1984). The colors come from the [[flag of the Arab Revolt]] in 1916.
File:Flag of Taliban.svg|The flag of the [[Taliban]] in [[Afghanistan]] from 1997-2001. It reverses the colors of the [[Black Standard]], the flag of [[Muhammad]]. The text says 'There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet."
==Idioms and Expressions==
*To '''whitewash''' something is to conceal an unpleasant reality.
*A '''white lie''' is an innocent lie told out of politeness.
*[[White noise]] is the noise of all the frequencies of sound combined. It is used to cover up unwanted noise.
*A '''white knight''' in finance is a friendly investor who steps in to rescue a company from a hostile takeover.
*A [[white elephant]] is a possession which was expensive to buy or maintain, but which turns out to have little real value.
*[[White-collar worker|White collar workers]] are those who work in offices, as opposed to [[blue collar]] workers, who work with their hands in factories or workshops.
*A [[white paper]] is an authoritative report on a major issue by a team of experts; a government report outlining policy; or a short treatise whose purpose is to educate industry customers. Associating a paper with white may signify clean facts and unbiased information.
*The [[white feather]] is a symbol of cowardice, particularly in Britain.{{cite web | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=white+feather&searchmode=none | title=White Feather | publisher=Etymonline.com | accessdate=June 6, 2012}} It supposedly comes from [[cockfighting]] and the belief that a [[rooster|cockerel]] sporting a white feather in its tail is likely to be a poor fighter. At the beginning of the [[First World War]], women in England were encouraged to give white feathers to men who had not enlisted in the [[British Army]].[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/11/first-world-war-white-feather-cowardice Guardian review] of ''We Will Not Fight...: The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors'' by Will Ellsworth-Jones
== See also ==
* [[Color realism (art style)]]
* [[List of colors]]
* [[Variations of white]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
==References==
*{{cite book
|last= Heller
|first= Eva
|title= Psychologie de la couleur - Effets et symboliques
|year=2009
|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)
|isbn= 978-2-35017-156-2}}
*{{cite book
|last= Zuffi
|first= Stefano
|title= Color in Art
|year=2012
|publisher= Abrams
|isbn= 978-1-4197-0111-5}}
*{{cite book
|last= Gage
|first= John
|title= La Couleur dans l'art
|year=2009
|publisher= Thames & Hudson
|isbn= 978-2-87811-325-9}}
*{{cite book
|last= Pastoureau
|first= Michel
|title= Le petit livre des couleurs
|year=2005
|publisher= Editions du Panama
|isbn= 978-2-7578-0310-3}}
*{{cite book
|last= Ball
|first= Philip
|title= Bright Earth- Art and the Invention of Colour
|year=2001
|publisher= Penguin Group
|isbn= 9782754105033}}
==External links==
{{Commons|White}}
{{Wiktionary|white}}
{{web colors}}
{{Shades of white|*}}
{{Shades of grey|US=1}}
{{Color topics}}
[[Category:Color]]
[[Category:Nothing]]
[[Category:Shades of white| ]]
[[Category:Web colors]]
[[af:Wit]]
[[ar:أبيض]]
[[an:Blanco]]
[[arc:ܚܘܪܐ]]
[[ast:Blancu]]
[[gn:Morotĩ]]
[[ay:Janq'u]]
[[az:Ağ]]
[[bn:সাদা]]
[[zh-min-nan:Pe̍h-sek]]
[[ba:Аҡ]]
[[be:Белы колер]]
[[bg:Бял цвят]]
[[bo:དཀར་པོ།]]
[[bs:Bijela]]
[[br:Gwenn (liv)]]
[[ca:Blanc]]
[[ceb:Puti]]
[[cs:B�]]
[[ch:�paka]]
[[cy:Gwyn]]
[[da:Hvid]]
[[pdc:Weiss]]
[[de:Wei�]
[[et:Valge]]
[[el:Λευκό]]
[[myv:Ашо]]
[[es:Blanco (color)]]
[[eo:Blanko]]
[[eu:Zuri]]
[[fa:سفید]]
[[fr:Blanc]]
[[fur:Blanc]]
[[ga:B�]
[[gl:Branco (cor)]]
[[gan:白]]
[[ko:하양]]
[[hi:श्वेत]]
[[hr:Bijela]]
[[io:Blanka]]
[[id:Putih]]
[[ia:Bianco]]
[[is:Hv�r]]
[[it:Bianco]]
[[he:לבן]]
[[jv:Putih]]
[[ht:Blan]]
[[ku:Sp�reng)]]
[[lad:Blanko]]
[[lbe:КӀяласса]]
[[la:Albus]]
[[lv:Baltā krāsa]]
[[lb:W�s]]
[[lt:Balta]]
[[ln:Mpɛ́mbɛ́]]
[[jbo:blabi]]
[[hu:Feh�]
[[mk:Бела боја]]
[[ml:വെളുപ്പ്]]
[[mt:Abjad]]
[[mr:पांढरा]]
[[ms:Putih]]
[[mwl:Branco]]
[[mdf:Акша]]
[[nah:Iztāc]]
[[nl:Wit]]
[[ne:सेतो]]
[[new:तुयु]]
[[ja:白]]
[[ce:КIайн]]
[[no:Hvit]]
[[nn:Kvit]]
[[nrm:Blianc]]
[[oc:Blanc]]
[[pnb:چٹا]]
[[pl:Barwa biała]]
[[pt:Branco]]
[[ro:Alb]]
[[qu:Yuraq]]
[[ru:Белый цвет]]
[[sa:श्वेत]]
[[sq:Ngjyra e bardh�
[[simple:White]]
[[sk:Biela]]
[[sl:Bela]]
[[szl:Bjoło farba]]
[[so:Cad]]
[[sr:Бело]]
[[sh:Bijelo]]
[[su:Bodas]]
[[fi:Valkoinen]]
[[sv:Vit]]
[[ta:வெள்ளை]]
[[te:తెలుపు]]
[[th:สีขาว]]
[[tg:Сафед]]
[[tr:Beyaz]]
[[uk:Білий колір]]
[[ur:سفید]]
[[za:Hau]]
[[vi:Trắng]]
[[fiu-vro:Valg�
[[zh-classical:白]]
[[war:Busag]]
[[yi:ווייס]]
[[zh-yue:白]]
[[bat-smg:Balta]]
[[zh:白色]]
Uploaded
January 6th, 2013
Statistics
Viewed 1,185 Times - Last Visitor from Beverly Hills, CA on 03/28/2024 at 7:15 PM
Embed
Share
Sales Sheet
Comments (26)
Melinda Dare Benfield
Love the linear elements of the lovely piece. This has a very definite spiritual sense to it. Wonderful work.
Kellice Swaggerty
A truly beautiful work of art, Viktor! I really enjoy the colors and perspective. F/V